With the holiday season upon us, guests arrive on our doorstep. Protective dog breeds may tolerate new company but sigh with relief when they leave. After all, many working and herding breeds were developed to watch (not cheer!) strangers. Other breeds like a few quiet visitors, but don’t appreciate loud, noisy groups. And, of course, some individual dogs, regardless of breed, are so purely family-focused that they scowl when the doorbell rings.

Today, we’re talking to five breeds that are good with holiday guests — and will likely entertain them, too.

1. French Bulldog

We delight in guests, as well as the morsels they drop. We’re also sufficiently self-assured to snooze (and snore!) smack dab in the middle of get-togethers when we need naps. Developed from English Bulldogs, we’re well-tempered, easy-to-keep and calm companions. But don’t think for one minute that laid-back means dull: I’ll sparkle and shine for visitors. I also won’t hassle you for long walks while you’re entertaining. I might, however, stand on your guests’ feet while they snack, reminding them of my presence and interest. My solemn expression disguises my passion for comedy; I’m called a clown in a philosopher’s cloak for good reason. Let’s start the party!

2. Coton de Tulear

A true social butterfly, I’ll roll out the carpet for visitors. Let’s share some stories about my history, for I’m the subject of fanciful, delightful folklore. My ancestors are legendary for surviving shipwrecks, swimming ashore from pirate ships or being carried to land by noble ladies. However my forefathers arrived, they became the much-loved Royal Dog of Madagascar. I’m fluffy and cheerful, small but sturdy, and jolly on any day, holiday or not. I’ll greet guests with gusto, as well as a jig, a smile or a clever vocalization. Because I’m an adaptable breed, my family can turn up the holiday tunes, decorate the house (in all those odd human-devised ways!) and open the door to many friends. Neither flashy guests nor spirited talk chases me from the room. Both my antics and beauty crave an appreciative audience.

3. Bichon Frise

Since I’m known as “the Love Dog,” it’s no surprise that I love meeting guests. Developed in the Mediterranean from Poodles and Water Spaniels, we were gifted by sailors to ladies in ports and traded by various sea merchants. Our powder puff appearance and merry nature made us valuable bequests back in sea-faring days. Today, we’ll alert you to your guests’ arrival, but we certainly won’t shoo them away. We’ll charm your guests with affection and maybe a few spontaneous shows. We have a natural love of the performing arts; some of us worked as circus dogs. In addition to all those lovely traits, we also don’t shed much. Your guests won’t leave covered in dog hair!

4. Golden Retriever

Sporty and enthusiastic, we’re keen on new playmates. If you can throw a ball at the same time you sip your holiday beverage, you’ll be my new best friend. We were developed as outstanding gundogs for retrieving fowl in Scotland. One of our breed’s founders, Lord Tweedmouth, helped nurture our athleticism, passion for water and gentle mouths. My openhearted spirit and positive energy will make any guest feel at home. My hosting skills are golden: I excitedly await my guests, I amuse them while they’re here, and I look sad when they leave. They came for my benefit, right?

5. Bernese Mountain Dog

I’m in the working group, bred in Switzerland as a general farm dog. I pulled carts to market, drove dairy cattle, watched for trespassers and kept my farmer company while he worked. These days, I’m family-focused, but relatively calm about newcomers. Unlike some breeds that instantly delight in guests, we may briefly check out strangers. Our breed standard says it’s OK if we’re slightly aloof initially. But with our generous and affectionate nature, we usually warm up quickly. We’ll soon be soaking up attention and adding to the celebration.

Tell us: Is your dog good with holiday guests? In your experience, what dogs are good with holiday guests?

Thumbnail: Photography courtesy Gordon Deen, French Bulldog Club of America, fbdca.org.

Read more about dog breeds on Dogster.com:

• We Salute 5 Dog Breeds That Are Proven Military Heroes
• 4 Dog Breeds New to the American Kennel Club
• Meet 5 of Our Favorite Black-Coated Dog Breeds

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A team of scientists have used national registries of more than 3.4 million Swedes aged 40 to 80 to study the association between dog ownership and cardiovascular health. Their study shows that dog owners had a lower risk of death due to cardiovascular disease or to other causes during the 12-year follow-up.

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If we humans had to name the sense that was most vital in helping us navigate the world, many would choose vision. Sure, hearing is highly advantageous; and some might argue that taste, touch and smell help make life worth living. But if you stop and consider, even our human language is oriented toward the visual: we “see” the point; have high “regard” for things we like; share different “views” on a subject. But dog vision is a much different use of this sense.

How Dogs Use Sight

Few individuals would examine their brand-new smartphone by giving it a few experimental sniffs. Yet that’s exactly how our dogs acquaint themselves with new situations. For canines, noses and tongues easily trump eyes when it comes to sensory input.

That certainly doesn’t mean dog vision is useless — but “contributory” might be a reasonable term. In fact, most vets would agree that blind and low-vision canines can learn to get along perfectly well by letting their snouts and taste buds lead the way.

“Blind canines generally adapt quickly to their environments, especially if furniture placement and routines are kept consistent,” notes Dr. Lisa McIntyre, owner and founder of The Welcome Waggin’ mobile veterinary service. “They rely on senses such as hearing and smell much more than they rely on their vision to assess and navigate their surroundings.”

Placed side-by-side, diagrams of the canine and human eye might initially seem comparable. The basic apparatus is, in fact, fairly similar. Eyelids protect the cornea, which is a transparent covering for the iris and pupil. The iris narrows or widens to allow light into the eyeball’s interior structure. This light travels through a lens, which focuses the light as it hits the retina toward the back of the eye. The retina converts the light and sends the optic nerve a signal, which allows the brain to interpret whatever is in the visual field.

Examined from several perspectives, however, dog vision and what dogs see clearly differs from human vision and what humans see. Here are a few distinctions worth noting.

1. The Placement of Your Dog’s Eyes

Look directly at your dog for a moment. Notice the eye position? Instead of pointing straight ahead, the eyes of most canines are actually directed slightly outward. Proportionally, they’re also spaced more widely than human eyes.

In her book Inside of a Dog: What Dogs See, Smell, and Know, cognitive scientist Alexandra Horowitz observes that this placement facilitates enhanced peripheral vision and “a panoramic view of the environment: 250 to 270 degrees, as contrasted to humans’ 180 degrees.”  The trade off, unfortunately, is that canine depth perception can be somewhat compromised when there’s less overlap in the visual field.

2. Pupil and Sclera Size in Dogs

Another discernible difference is pupil size. The pupil is the black center of the eye that admits light. In humans, its size can vary considerably — huge when we’re afraid, dramatically diminished when we glance at the noon sun. Horowitz observes that canine pupils tend to be more fixed in size, regardless of external stimuli. She also notes that humans have a more prominent sclera, or “white area,” which makes the direction of our focus fairly apparent. Because most canines have relatively little sclera showing, the precise object of their attention isn’t always easy to identify.

3. Dogs Have Third Eyelids

Dog eyes also have a nictitating membrane — essentially, a third eyelid. “This membrane helps protect the cornea and clear away debris, like a windshield wiper,” Dr. McIntyre explains. “It also contains a gland that helps supply tears to the eye; plus lymphoid tissue, which can help discourage infection.” The membrane normally isn’t in plain sight from day to day, but Dr. McIntyre notes that you might glimpse it when your dog is asleep. It’s also more visible when it’s functioning as an active barrier to wind, dirt or sand.

4. How Retinas Affect Dog Vision

In both humans and canines, the eye’s retina contains two types of receptors: rods and cones. Rods help the eye perceive motion and shades of light. Cones let the eye perceive color and fine detail. Horowitz explains that dogs have a lower cone density than humans. This can impact things like visual acuity and the ability to distinguish levels of brightness.

In humans, there’s an area called the macula in the central part of the retina. Within the macula, cone concentration is highest. In contrast, Dr. McIntyre explains that dogs have a horizontal band called a “visual streak.” She describes this as the area of greatest visual acuity, with the highest concentration of cones and lowest concentration of rods. She also explains that the width of this area generally depends upon the length of the snout; with shorter-nosed canines tending toward much shorter streaks. Horowitz notes that dogs with longer streaks have better panoramic and peripheral vision.

5. Can Dogs See Color?

One popular misconception is that dogs can’t see any color. That’s untrue — but because they have a higher number of rod cells and fewer cone cells, says Dr. McIntyre, “they’re not able to see details or colors as well as humans.” Horowitz points out that “the density of rods in dogs’ eyes varies, but they have as much as three times as many rods as we do.”

Dr. McIntyre explains that the human retina contains three types of cones, each sensitive to a different range of the color spectrum. These cones allow us to see shades of blue, green and red. Canines, in contrast, only have two types of cones: sensitive to yellow and blue. That means a dog’s color perception is similar to that of a human with red/green color blindness. “A dog’s world mainly appears in varying shades of yellow, blue and violet,” Dr. McIntyre explains. “So, an orange Frisbee will appear yellow on green grass — which, to a canine, also looks yellow!”

6. Dogs and Low-Light Vision

Some dog parents are moderately freaked out when they see their dog’s eyes shining eerily in photographs. Horowitz explains that this glow is due to a unique feature called the tapetum lucidum (in Latin, “carpet of light”). This thin, triangular film of tissue sits behind the canine retina, and rebounds light like a mirror. Rods therefore get a bonus chance to capture the visual.

In part, that’s why dogs have such superior low-light and night vision. Dr. McIntyre notes that this enhanced acuity is also due to the higher number of rod cells, which help canines see more shades of gray, black and white.

7. Dog Vision Has a Higher Flicker Rate

This higher concentration of rods also helps dogs perceive movement, explains Dr. McIntyre. Canines can perceive a higher “flicker rate” than humans. “Our world is seen through a series of snapshots that are fused together to form a static image,” she notes. “We humans see about 60 images per second; while dogs see around 70 to 80 snapshots per second.”

Why are most dogs able to find that orange Frisbee so readily? “Because they can easily see it sailing through the air,” Dr. McIntyre says, “and they can also track it by its distinctive smell.”

So, What Do Dogs See?  

In numerous ways, our dogs are a lot like us. But next time you watch your pooch navigate the living room, chase a toy or focus on the treat in your hand, take some of these visual variances into account.  Our canines sit faithfully by our side as we regard the world together. Yet on many occasions what we actually see can be remarkably, distinctively different.

Thumbnail: Photography by fotoedu/Thinkstock.

Read more about your dog’s eyes on Dogster.com:

• Cherry Eye in Dogs: Tips on Prevention and Treatment
• Dogs With Blue Eyes? Meet These 6 Dog Breeds
• Can You Use Human OTC Eye Drops as Eye Drops for Dogs?

Concerned about your eyesight? Check out University Health News’ piece on Eating for Eyesight: Which Foods Protect Your Eyes? >>

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If you’re anything like me, your dog is the apple of your eye, and one of the dearest creatures in the world. Your dog’s ocular health may not be the first thing you think of in the morning, but your dog relies on her eyes just as much as you do. Cherry eye in dogs is a condition that doesn’t affect all pups, but can affect any dog’s tear production and eye health.

The signs of a case of cherry eye in dogs are easy to spot; caught and treated quickly, it’s possible to reverse the deleterious effects. In severe cases, though, your veterinarian or a veterinary ophthalmologist may have to perform surgery to prevent long-term eye problems. Let’s talk about cherry eye in dogs and see how to treat it!

What is cherry eye in dogs?

All dogs have a third eyelid, which is also called a nictitating membrane, as well as two glands that produce tears to lubricate their eyes. The nictitating membrane, based in the lower eyelid, is a sort of secondary shield for the eyes. It protects dogs’ eyes from wind, dust, and other foreign objects as they play or work. The nictitating membrane has its own dedicated tear gland. This tear gland produces anywhere from 35 percent to 50 percent of the total moisture in a dog’s eye, and is thus an essential component to overall eye health in dogs.

Cherry eye in dogs occurs when the connective tissue that holds the gland in place is weak, faulty or otherwise damaged. The nictitating membrane’s tear gland comes loose and prolapses from its little pocket and out of the bottom or corner of the dog’s eye, usually closest to the nose. This bulbous, fleshy, red protrusion of the gland from the lower eye is the primary symptom of cherry eye in dogs, and gives the condition its colorful, fruited moniker. If your dog has, or has had, cherry eye, you should be especially watchful. Extended or recurring cases of cherry eye can lead to decreased tear production and other eye problems.

What causes cherry eye in dogs?

Cherry eye in dogs is a congenital disorder, passed on from generation to generation. Beyond genetic predisposition, it is still unknown what precisely causes cherry eye to manifest. We do know that the ligaments and connective tissues that hold the tear gland of the nictitating membrane fail to keep it in place, and that there are a number of dog breeds that are statistically more likely to suffer from cherry eye.

Owners and prospective owners of Basset Hounds, Beagles, Bloodhounds, Boxers, Bulldogs (English and French), Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Cocker Spaniels, Lhasa Apsos, Neapolitan Mastiffs, Newfoundlands, Pekingese, Poodles (especially Miniature), Pugs, Saint Bernards, Shar-Peis, Shih Tzus, and terriers (including the Boston Terrier, Bull Terrier and West Highland White Terrier) should be aware of the increased risk for cherry eye in these breeds. Breeds with shorter muzzles, along with toy or teacup varieties in general, are at higher risk for cherry eye. However, cherry eye can happen to any dog, and at any age.

Treating cherry eye

Caught early enough, I’ve come across many online accounts of successful massage treatment of cherry eye in dogs. Using a combination of a warm, moist cloth and dog-safe eye drops, the home method of treatment involves calming the afflicted dog and gently massaging the prolapsed tear gland of the nictitating membrane until it sucks back into place. Even when this technique is successful, though, there is no guarantee that the cherry eye is gone for good. A dog with a resolved case of cherry eye may have it recur, and a dog who has had cherry eye in one eye is at higher risk of having it happen in the other as well.

The safest bet is a visit to the veterinarian, who can accurately determine the specific reason for your dog’s cherry eye. Since there is no fixed cause, an early consultation can help ensure your dog’s long-term eye health. There are three common surgical options for cherry eye. In the first case, the vet may be able to stitch the prolapsed tear gland back into place. In other cases, a veterinary surgeon may find the connective tissue too weak to cradle the gland properly. For situations like these, the surgeon will attempt to create a new pocket or envelope to hold it in place permanently.

The third option was, in past years, the most common, and involved complete removal of the cherry-eyed tear gland. Removal of the prolapsed gland is an option of absolutely last resort. Removal of the affected tear gland will require lifelong after-treatment with artificial tears to prevent chronic dry eye and secondary problems that can occur when there’s insufficient production of lubrication for a dog’s eyes.

Long-term effects of cherry eye in dogs

Left untreated, a dog with cherry eye is at greater risk for long-term health problems. The longer the gland is prolapsed, the greater the risk of associated problems. Proper blood flow to the gland is restricted. The gland may swell the longer it is exposed. Pawing, scratching or rubbing the affected eye may irritate it further, and create opportunities for secondary bacterial or viral infections to take hold.

In most cases, caught early enough, cherry eye in dogs is successfully treated or managed with minimal veterinary assistance, hopefully before your dog needs surgery.

Tell us: Have your dogs ever had an occurrence, or repeat instances, of cherry eye? Were you able to attend to the problem under your own auspices, or did a vet need to perform surgery? Share your experiences with cherry eye in dogs in the comments below!

Thumbnail: Photography ©Flickr user Litherland via Creative Commons License. Some size modifications have been made to fit this site.

Read more about dog health on Dogster.com:

• When Do Dogs Stop Teething? What to Know About Puppy Teething and Dog Teeth
• Giardia in Dogs: 7 Things to Know
• Decoding Dog Gas — When Is It a Problem?

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