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If you’re anything like me, your dog is the apple of your eye, and one of the dearest creatures in the world. Your dog’s ocular health may not be the first thing you think of in the morning, but your dog relies on her eyes just as much as you do. Cherry eye in dogs is a condition that doesn’t affect all pups, but can affect any dog’s tear production and eye health.

The signs of a case of cherry eye in dogs are easy to spot; caught and treated quickly, it’s possible to reverse the deleterious effects. In severe cases, though, your veterinarian or a veterinary ophthalmologist may have to perform surgery to prevent long-term eye problems. Let’s talk about cherry eye in dogs and see how to treat it!

What is cherry eye in dogs?

An example of cherry eye in dogs. Photography ©Flickr user Chris via Creative Commons License. Some size modifications have been made to fit this site.

All dogs have a third eyelid, which is also called a nictitating membrane, as well as two glands that produce tears to lubricate their eyes. The nictitating membrane, based in the lower eyelid, is a sort of secondary shield for the eyes. It protects dogs’ eyes from wind, dust, and other foreign objects as they play or work. The nictitating membrane has its own dedicated tear gland. This tear gland produces anywhere from 35 percent to 50 percent of the total moisture in a dog’s eye, and is thus an essential component to overall eye health in dogs.

Cherry eye in dogs occurs when the connective tissue that holds the gland in place is weak, faulty or otherwise damaged. The nictitating membrane’s tear gland comes loose and prolapses from its little pocket and out of the bottom or corner of the dog’s eye, usually closest to the nose. This bulbous, fleshy, red protrusion of the gland from the lower eye is the primary symptom of cherry eye in dogs, and gives the condition its colorful, fruited moniker. If your dog has, or has had, cherry eye, you should be especially watchful. Extended or recurring cases of cherry eye can lead to decreased tear production and other eye problems.

What causes cherry eye in dogs?

Cherry eye in dogs is a congenital disorder, passed on from generation to generation. Beyond genetic predisposition, it is still unknown what precisely causes cherry eye to manifest. We do know that the ligaments and connective tissues that hold the tear gland of the nictitating membrane fail to keep it in place, and that there are a number of dog breeds that are statistically more likely to suffer from cherry eye.

Owners and prospective owners of Basset Hounds, Beagles, Bloodhounds, Boxers, Bulldogs (English and French), Cavalier King Charles Spaniels, Cocker Spaniels, Lhasa Apsos, Neapolitan Mastiffs, Newfoundlands, Pekingese, Poodles (especially Miniature), Pugs, Saint Bernards, Shar-Peis, Shih Tzus, and terriers (including the Boston Terrier, Bull Terrier and West Highland White Terrier) should be aware of the increased risk for cherry eye in these breeds. Breeds with shorter muzzles, along with toy or teacup varieties in general, are at higher risk for cherry eye. However, cherry eye can happen to any dog, and at any age.

Treating cherry eye

Caught early enough, I’ve come across many online accounts of successful massage treatment of cherry eye in dogs. Using a combination of a warm, moist cloth and dog-safe eye drops, the home method of treatment involves calming the afflicted dog and gently massaging the prolapsed tear gland of the nictitating membrane until it sucks back into place. Even when this technique is successful, though, there is no guarantee that the cherry eye is gone for good. A dog with a resolved case of cherry eye may have it recur, and a dog who has had cherry eye in one eye is at higher risk of having it happen in the other as well.

The safest bet is a visit to the veterinarian, who can accurately determine the specific reason for your dog’s cherry eye. Since there is no fixed cause, an early consultation can help ensure your dog’s long-term eye health. There are three common surgical options for cherry eye. In the first case, the vet may be able to stitch the prolapsed tear gland back into place. In other cases, a veterinary surgeon may find the connective tissue too weak to cradle the gland properly. For situations like these, the surgeon will attempt to create a new pocket or envelope to hold it in place permanently.

The third option was, in past years, the most common, and involved complete removal of the cherry-eyed tear gland. Removal of the prolapsed gland is an option of absolutely last resort. Removal of the affected tear gland will require lifelong after-treatment with artificial tears to prevent chronic dry eye and secondary problems that can occur when there’s insufficient production of lubrication for a dog’s eyes.

Long-term effects of cherry eye in dogs

Left untreated, a dog with cherry eye is at greater risk for long-term health problems. The longer the gland is prolapsed, the greater the risk of associated problems. Proper blood flow to the gland is restricted. The gland may swell the longer it is exposed. Pawing, scratching or rubbing the affected eye may irritate it further, and create opportunities for secondary bacterial or viral infections to take hold.

In most cases, caught early enough, cherry eye in dogs is successfully treated or managed with minimal veterinary assistance, hopefully before your dog needs surgery.

Tell us: Have your dogs ever had an occurrence, or repeat instances, of cherry eye? Were you able to attend to the problem under your own auspices, or did a vet need to perform surgery? Share your experiences with cherry eye in dogs in the comments below!

Thumbnail: Photography ©Flickr user Litherland via Creative Commons License. Some size modifications have been made to fit this site.

Read more about dog health on Dogster.com:

• When Do Dogs Stop Teething? What to Know About Puppy Teething and Dog Teeth
• Giardia in Dogs: 7 Things to Know
• Decoding Dog Gas — When Is It a Problem?

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Sadie, my chocolate Labrador Retriever, came into our lives when she was 5 years old. Her elderly owner had passed away, and she had nowhere to go, so we took her in and fell in love with her immediately. Sadie loved everyone and, in typical Lab style, enthusiastically invaded the personal space of anyone who met her, saying hello by sticking her nose straight into their crotch area. While this made perfect sense to Sadie — she was simply gathering information about them through their unique scent signatures — it caused untold amounts of embarrassment for our guests and drew numerous apologies from us. We love our dogs, but sometimes their behavior is not socially acceptable and can be downright embarrassing, especially when guests come into the home. Is your dog embarrassing in front of guests? There are ways you can prevent and change these behaviors.

Make a plan before guests come over

Use a baby gate to keep your dog contained, preferably one that lets your dog see your visitors. Photography courtesy Melissa Kauffman.

The best way to deal with any faux pas is to put a management plan in place before you do any training. Think about how you can change your environment to prevent the behavior from happening in the first place. The less your dog can practice the behavior, the easier it will be to change it.

Some management tips include:

• Keep your dog on leash when visitors arrive, using two people (Mom greets visitors while Dad holds the dog’s leash a few feet back). Wait until the visitor has settled and your dog is less excitable before you allow him to greet.
• Use doors, crates and baby gates to keep your dog contained. To avoid frustration you can use visual barriers such as covered gates/crates and doors, but it’s preferable to let your dog see the visitor coming into the home, so he knows what to expect when he is finally allowed to greet.
• If your dog is particularly rambunctious or fearful of visitors, put him in the backyard, upstairs or in another room (preferably supervised or with appropriate toys to stay busy) when guests arrive.

Distract your dog from sniffing your guests’ private areas

For dogs who like to sniff certain delicate areas, hang a bag with an even more enticing smell outside the door, such as liver or a hot dog, and have the person hand feed or toss treats toward the dog on the ground as they enter. This is sometimes called the Go Find It game and is a great way to put a dog’s energy into searching for something else than saying an embarrassing hello.

If your guests do not want to handle food, you can play the game with your dog as your guest comes in. You can also teach your dog a “leave it” cue and then redirect him to something else such as a toy or treat, or you can teach him to target a person’s hands for a treat/petting as an alternative.

I taught Sadie to grab one of her toys and show it proudly to my guests instead of sniffing their “regions of interest.” Any other incompatible behavior like rolling over for a belly rub or running and sitting on a mat can be put on cue. Practice makes perfect!

Prevent dog humping

Humping is another embarrassing dog behavior and occurs when dogs get overexcited or anxious, so try to limit your dog’s arousal levels by teaching calming behaviors including “settle.”

Learn more about dog body language that can help predict when your dog is getting excited, and teach him an alternative behavior before the humping occurs. You can also advise visitors on how to be calm in your home to set your dog up for success and not raise the level of his excitement, frustration or anxiety.

Small children tend to get humped first. If you know you have young ones coming over, have a special toy at the door they can give your dog when entering. If your dog is kid friendly, have two toys so that older children can toss one after the other (while avoiding taking the toy from the dog).

Show younger children how to stand still and “be a tree” to help set the dog up for success and limit his exuberance around greetings. You can show kids how smart your dog is by teaching him another behavior such as walking away and lying on a bed, doing a play bow or some other kind of activity that encourages your dog’s energy to go elsewhere.

Stop inappropriate peeing and pooping issues

One of the biggest faux pas dogs make is when they toilet in a home they are visiting. Be sure your dog has eliminated before arriving at a friend’s home, or ask that the same thing be done before a friend’s dog comes over to yours. Keep your dog in a smaller space, such as a tiled kitchen until he is relaxed.

Avoid vertical surfaces or expensive rugs, and keep your dog tethered to you until he is calm in the new environment, and you are sure he will not eliminate. Explore new environments together to prevent marking in new places. If you know your dog is likely to mark, allow him some playtime in the backyard first before coming inside.

Following these few simple guidelines will set your dog up for success and save you from having to endure embarrassing situations.

Tell us: Is your dog embarrassing in front of guests? Does your dog hump, jump or sniff your company? How do you handle it?

Plus, what if your dog snaps at a guest? Whole Dog Journal tells you how to handle the situation>>

Thumbnail: Photography ©madcorona | Thinkstock.

Victoria Stilwell, renowned dog trainer, TV personality, author and public speaker, is best known as the star of the hit TV series It’s Me or the Dog, through which she reaches audiences in more than 100 countries. Appearing frequently in the media, she’s widely recognized as a leader in the field of animal behavior, is editor-in-chief of positively.com, CEO of the VSPDT network of licensed trainers and the founder of the Victoria Stilwell Academy for Dog Training & Behavior — the leader in dog trainer education. Connect with her on Facebook and on Twitter at @VictoriaS.

Editor’s note: This article appeared in Dogster magazine. Have you seen the new Dogster print magazine in stores? Or in the waiting room of your vet’s office? Subscribe now to get Dogster magazine delivered straight to you! 

Read more about dogs and the holidays on Dogster.com:

• 5 Dog Breeds That Are Good with Holiday Guests
• How Do I Get My Dog to Stop Jumping on Guests?
• 7 Dog Charities to Support This Holiday Season

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From the tall Great Dane to the tiny Chihuahua, us humans are used to being around dogs of all shapes and sizes. We’re so used to it, in fact, that we forget that humans more-or-less created dogs…. And how we did it is a question that still stumps scientists to this day. So, where do dogs come from? Let’s take a look.

Before we answer the question, “where do dogs come from,” let’s look at what dogs are

We bet you’ve wondered: “Where do dogs come from, in the first place?” Photography ©Aimes Element | Thinkstock.

While scientists don’t know exactly how and when and where dogs came from, we do know what dogs are. They are the species Canis lupus familiaris, a member or subspecies of the family Canis lupus. Other species in the Canis lupus include wolves, coyotes and dingoes, and they all share a common wolf-like ancestor.

Here is where things get tricky. Scientists aren’t sure exactly where the wolf-like ancestor that formed the modern dog came from. The general consensus is they came from Europe, but there has been recent evidence to suggest that dogs may also have originated in Asia, too. However, scientists largely agree on one thing: Around 9,000 to 34,000 years ago, our human ancestors met our dogs’ wolf-like ancestors, and started a relationship between our species that continues to this day. Even though that wolf-like ancestor is long extinct, its legacy lives on in the dogs we know today.

The evolution of dogs

Scientists are still trying to figure out where our dogs’ wolf-like ancestor originated from (either Europe or Asia, or both), but a recent study shows that all modern dogs might come from 23 ancestral dog clades. Over time, through interbreeding between the groups, dogs developed into the breeds we see today.

Science Magazine reports that, “The clades […] bring together dogs with similar traits: Thus, Boxers, Bulldogs, and Boston Terriers — all bred for strength — fall into one clade; whereas herders like Sheepdogs, Corgis and Collies fall into another; and hunters like Retrievers, Spaniels and Setters fall into a third.” Later on, the piece adds, “The data [shows] how some breeds helped create others, as they share DNA with multiple clades.”

In conclusion, according to Science Magazine, “The grouping of different breeds that share particular jobs suggests that ancient breeders likely bred dogs for specific purposes, choosing to care for those that were best at guarding or herding. Then, in the past 200 years, people subdivided those larger groups into breeds.” 

What breeds were ancient dogs?

The Alaskan Malamute is an ancient dog breed. Photography by Darina Matasova/Shutterstock.

So, what were the first dog breeds? Research varies, according to the Dogster article, Extinct, Primitive or Ancient: Which Are the Oldest Dog Breeds? The general consensus is that the following are the most ancient dog breeds:

• Afghan Hound, a breed that originated in the Middle East
• Akita, a breed that originated in Japan
• Alaskan Malamute, a breed that originated in North America
• Basenji, a breed that originated in ancient Egypt
• Chinese Shar-Pei, a breed that originated in southern China
• Chow Chow, a breed that originated in northern China
• Saluki, a breed that originated in Egypt, and may be the oldest dog breed
• Samoyed, a breed that originated in Siberia
• Siberian Husky, a breed that originated in northeast Asia

The most popular dog breeds today

Given that we’ve had dogs around for 9,000 to 30,000 years, is it safe to say that they’ve always been the most popular pets? While popular pets have changed over the millennia, nowadays, there are always top contenders for the most popular dog breeds. The American Kennel Club (AKC) releases the most popular dog breed rankings every year, with Labrador Retrievers and German Shepherd Dogs taking the top slots.

In the United Kingdom, Labrador Retrievers and Cocker Spaniels are the most popular dogs, followed closely by French Bulldogs. In China, according to eChinaSites.com, Siberian Huskies and Labrador Retrievers top the list.

While there are no official stats from other countries, in 2014, an app called Klooff did a survey of the top dogs around the world, based on posts from their users. They created an infographic, which Business Insider reported on.

No matter where dogs come from, they’re a unique species 

Dogs are a unique species, and the traits that make them unique may be the direct result of their relationship with humans. It cannot be overstated how much mankind’s influence shaped the dogs we know and love today, and made them so different from other canines and other animals.

Here are the many ways dogs are unique:

1. Domestication:

Earlier, I said that we created dogs, which is an oversimplification of a complex process that scientists are still trying to figure out. Without a doubt though, we had an impact on where dogs came from and their evolution through a process called domestication. The theory is that a group of friendly wolves started interacting with our ancestors — though whether those ancestors were hunter-gatherers or the first agrarian people is still up for debate.

Either way, these wolves self-domesticated themselves by starting to interact with us and then we did the rest by breeding for the traits we liked best. That produced various breeds of dogs, some that still exist today largely unchanged, some that went extinct and some that we started to domesticate but didn’t fully complete the process, for example, dingoes. (More on dingoes later.) We’re still creating new breeds of dogs even to this day — in fact, four new breeds were just recognized by the American Kennel Club (AKC). 

2. Hypersociabilty:

It’s sometimes hard to believe that all the dogs we know and love today came from one or two populations of friendly wolves. But what made the wolf-like ancestor of our dogs so friendly to us? A recent study suggests that they might have had a variant in their genome that causes Williams-Beuren Syndrome (WBS) in humans.

WBS in people makes them hypersociable — for example, they are extremely friendly, outgoing and trusting. In dogs, this genetic variation might have led to the behaviors we associate with dogs today: overall friendliness, the way they love to interact with us and the fact that they make eye contact with us.

3. Using Facial Expressions to Communicate: 

Humans are somewhat unique in that we use facial expressions to communicate, along with language. Most animals don’t, and any expressions they make are involuntary and inactive means of communication.

Except for dogs, of course, according to a recent study. Dogs actively use facial expressions to communicate with us, too. In a press release, lead researcher Dr. Juliane Kaminski of the University of Portsmouth says, “The findings appear to support evidence [that] dogs are sensitive to humans’ attentions and that expressions are potentially active attempts to communicate, not simple emotional displays.”

4. Eye Contact: 

No other canine likes making eye contact with us quite like dogs. And dogs do it to the extreme: Not only do they look to us for directions and information, but they also seem to just like staring into our eyes. This is another aspect of the gene variant that causes WBS in humans that was found in dogs. In fact, dogs evolving to regularly make eye contact with us may provide the most clues on how we domesticated dogs.

Can dingoes provide more clues to the question, “where do dogs come from?”

How and when we domesticated dogs is still largely unknown, but a recent study of dingoes might provide some more insight. As mentioned above, dingoes are a species of canine we started to domesticate, but when they were introduced to Australia, domestication stopped.

However, because ancient humans started to domesticate dingoes, it gives us a snapshot into the early domestication of dogs, according to Angie Johnston, Ph.D. student in Psychology at Yale University and lead researcher of the study, “Uncovering the origins of dog —human eye contact: dingoes establish eye contact more than wolves, but less than dogs.” The study revealed that dingoes do something that wolves don’t really do and dogs do all the time: Make eye contact.

“Previous work shows us that when you compare dogs and wolves, dogs are more likely to make eye contact with people,” Dr. Johnston says. “Eye contact is important for two species communicating with each other, but also for bonding and attachment. With dingoes, we found that they are more likely to make eye contact with humans than wolves were.”

According to the researchers, these findings suggest that dogs may have developed the motivation to make eye contact with people early in their domestication, but only developed the desire to maintain this contact later in their evolution.

“It might have been beneficial for the wolf-like ancestor of dogs and dingoes to make eye contact with humans in order to get food or similar,” Dr. Johnston says. Whatever the reason, this made such an impact on dog evolution that dingoes haven’t stopped making eye contact with humans, even after thousands of years as wild dogs. Because of that, dingoes might be the missing link in how wolves became dogs.

“Dingoes represent the kind of intermediate point of domestication,” Dr. Johnston says. “By comparing dogs and dingoes, it shows us what might have been influencing the changes we see over domestication.”

Thumbnail: Photography by Sergieiev/Shutterstock.

Read more about dogs in history on Dogster.com:

• 5 Dog Breeds With Fun and Historical Nicknames
• All the President’s Pups: Meet FDR’s Dog, Fala
• 5 Dog Breeds Named — and in Some Cases Bred — for Their Color

The post Where Do Dogs Come From? appeared first on Dogster.

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A major study of dingo DNA has revealed dingoes most likely migrated to Australia in two separate waves via a former land bridge with Papua New Guinea. The find has significant implications for conservation, with researchers recommending the two genetically distinct populations of dingoes be treated as different groups for management and conservation purposes.

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From Fearful to Fear Free is a breath of fresh air. It’s a new book by Dr. Marty Becker, DVM et. al. and available exclusively from Dogwise. The book was motivated by the lead author’s insight after listening to a talk given by Dr. Karen Overall. She discussed the damage being done in veterinary clinics by dogs who were terrified, if not traumatized, by veterinary procedures. Dr. Becker left the talk shaken to the core. As much as he loves dogs, and as experienced as he was as “American Veterinarian” on Good Morning America for 19 years, he had never thought about how much damage standard medical procedures can do to the health of the dogs who are frightened by them. Fear changes a dog’s physiology and how it presents in the clinic. It can suppress a dog’s immune system and exacerbate many medical issues. It can traumatize a dog such that his or her brain is changed significantly, and in some cases permanently.

I heard about the book, and Dr. Becker’s commitment to “Fear Free”  during a delightful dinner with him, the night after his talk at the recent APDT conference in Richmond, VA. He’s a wonderful dinner companion, warm, friendly and exuberant in his passion to change the world of veterinary medicine to become “fear free.” But he’s not stopping there; his new book is written for the general public in hopes of convincing all dog owners to use positive reinforcement to eliminate as much fear and distress as we can from the life of a dog.

It’s a great book for the general public. (And it comes out everywhere next April, watch for it in the news.) It’s attractive and colorful, with lots of easily digestible information and stories. It actually had 4 authors: Dr. Becker, Dr. Lisa Rodesta and Dr. Wailani Sung, both board certified veterinary behaviorists, and Dr. Becker’s daughter, Mikkel Becker,  CBCC-KA, CPDT-KA and a graduate of the Karen Pryor Academy and the San Francisco SPCA Academy. That’s a lot of hands-on-experience as well as academic knowledge–no wonder it’s a valuable addition to one’s library.

Do I agree with everything that’s in the book? Of course not. I barely agree with everything I’ve written once it’s published. But I would push back on the quote from Dr. Overall that says “Fear is the most damaging emotion a social species can experience. It causes permanent damage to the brain.” All fear is not equal, and being momentarily frightened by someone in a Halloween costume is not going to have the same effect as being attacked without warning at the dog park or years of abuse. I worry too a bit about the section on Socialization, that lists dozens of people, places and noises (among other things) to which to “socialize” your dog. In my experience, many people overdo “socialization” (the term many use for desensitizing at an early age). I see as many dogs overwhelmed by trips to the farmer’s market than helped by them.

But these concerns are easily countered by so much that is great about the book. There’s an excellent two-paragraph section on why punishment doesn’t work that will be far more effective than any explanation of the science behind positive punishment versus reinforcement. There’s actually an entire chapter on the power of positive reinforcement, including short stories from dogs the authors have worked with that help to make the point. (One of my favorites is actually about changing human behavior–a piece by Dr. Radosta about how her husband persuaded her to get on his motorcycle by finding the right reinforcement. Love it.)

One of my favorite chapters is “Visiting the Veterinarian”. This, after all, was the motivation for Dr. Becker’s Fear Free movement–making visits to the veterinarian less stressful by teaching veterinarians and clinic staff how to, as the website says, “Take the pet out of petrified”. Of course, Dr. Becker and colleagues are not the first to make this effort. I consider Dr. Sophia Yin’s work to be the gold standard, and her book Low Stress Handling has changed the lives of thousands of people and animals both. However, the more the better, and Dr. Becker, after 19 years on network television, has a broad and powerful reach. Good for him and his colleagues to make the most of it. Fear Free has already certified over 9,000 individuals in veterinary clinics around the country, so good on them. We need all the voices we can find to keep making the argument that so many of us have made for so many years… Physical force and intimidation might make some animals obedient some of the time, but it comes at too high a cost. Every addition to the work of organizations like The Association of Professional Dog Trainers  and The Pet Professionals Guild is welcome indeed. Yeah for Dr. Becker and colleagues for adding their powerful voices to the chorus.

I’m curious: Have you ever talked to your veterinarian about force free or low stress handling? Do they have a copy of Dr. Yin’s book? Do they use those methods? Have they heard about Fear Free and considered being certified? I know my veterinarian will be open to it; we’ll talk about it next time I visit. You?

MEANWHILE, back on the farm: Our return to seasonal weather was quite a shock, after basking in the 70’s for much of October. Much of our weekend was spent like squirrels getting ready for winter. No nuts were buried (although we keep tripping on the #%#^ walnuts…) but we got half of a lasagna garden done, I weeded and mulched one of my favorite gardens, “winterized” my closet by putting away T-shirts, and replaced them with turtle necks, and worked Maggie as much as was healthy. She’s a bit out of shape after her spay and our trip, so I am gradually increasing her work outs to ready her for two training clinics by Gordon Watt this week and later in November.

Next week I leave for New York City to give a talk to… can’t say. Honest. It’s a secret. I’m not allowed to say where or when I’m speaking until after I’ve given the talk. No kidding. I promise I’ll tell you as soon as I can. Yes, I hereby acknowledge that it is cruel to tease you, but you’ll notice I’m doing it anyway.

Here’s a photo of the first half of our new lasagna garden for the garden nerds out there,. It’s called a lasagna garden because its layers of “green and brown” material over cardboard, which cooks over the winter into rich, healthy soil. We’ve layered cardboard over clay soil full of weeds (cut to their base), then 3-year old mulch that’s become what I’d call “almost soil,” then 3-year old hay that is no good for the sheep anymore. Soon we’ll add on a few inches of aged manure from the sheep, then another layer of old hay and top it off with all the mulch I have left from the mulch pile (which is double shredded oak). Apologies to those of you who don’t garden for this blatantly boring photo.

The world is turning brown all around us. Not much color left anymore, which is why I am so grateful for these ridiculously hardy roses. Bless them.

I thought it only fitting to add a photograph of real life in the garden. As many do on social media, I usually show photographs of everything–dogs, cats, sheep, garden flowers–looking their best. But then, there’s reality. Here is the peony garden as I write this, which has lovely flowers every spring but succumbs eventually to a raft of disfiguring diseases. I’ll cut everything down as soon as I post this, throw the vegetation away and hope for next year. Truth in gardening. You saw it here.

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